Security of Supply and Interdependency: A New Approach to Strategic Autonomy and Indispensability

This paper argues that Europe’s renewed focus on defence since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has exposed and, in many cases, extended deep structural dependencies, particularly on the United States. It contends that traditional notions of strategic autonomy are no longer viable in an era defined by complex, globalised and commercially-driven supply chains. Instead, the paper proposes a more pragmatic framework in which autonomy is achieved through the management, rather than elimination, of dependencies. The paper introduces the concept of “strategic indispensability” as a novel way forward. In so doing, the paper calls for Europe to cultivate critical capabilities and leverage asymmetric interdependence to enhance both resilience and influence. Ultimately, the paper argues that European defence policy should shift from a form of reactive dependency to the proactive shaping of interdependencies that align industrial policy, capability development and partnerships to strengthen Europe’s position within global defence ecosystems.